Synthesis of New Coordination Polymers or MOFs

Synthesis of New Coordination Polymers or MOFs 1.1 Design Principles Coordination polymers also known as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) or metal-coordination networks are compounds constructed from organic ligands and metal ions connected through coordination bonds and other weak chemical bonds which can extend infinitely into one two or three dimensions [1-3]. The arrangement of the components in coordination polymers mostly exists only in solid state which results from coordination interactions and weaker forces forming a smaller molecular units and growth occurs through self-assembly processes to give the final overall structure (Fig. 1) [4]. There are four different kinds of building blocks of which coordination polymers are built; ligands, metal ions or clusters, counter anions and solvent molecules. Metal ions which are called nodes or connectors and ligands which act as linkers are the main components [7]. They are the starting reagents which form the principal framework of the coordination polymer. The important characteristics of connectors and linkers are the number and orientation of their binding sites. Transition-metal ions are the most widely used connectors in the construction of coordination polymers. The choice of the metal and its oxidation state will determine the coordination geometries, which can be linear, T- or Y-shaped, tetrahedral, square-planar, square-pyramidal, trigonal-bipyramidal, octahedral, trigonal-prismatic, pentagonal-bipyramidal, and the corresponding distorted forms. Lanthanide ions are less used because of the high coordination number and variability coordination environment. However, th e large coordination numbers from 7 to 10 and the polyhedral coordination geometry of the lanthanide ions will create new and unusual network topologies. In addition, coordinatively unsaturated lanthanide ion centers can be generated by the removal of coordinated solvent molecules. The vacant sites could be utilized in chemical adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis, and sensors [8,9]. Multidentate carboxylate functionalities provide rigid frameworks due to their ability to chelate metal ions and lock in to M-O-C clusters, which are referred as secondary building units (SBUs). Instead of employing one transition metal ion at a network vertex, SBUs can produce extended frameworks of high structural stability. Metal-complex connectors have the advantage of controlling the bond angles and restricting the number of coordination sites; sites for no use can be blocked by chelating or macrocyclic ligands directly bound to a metal connector, and therefore, leave specific sites free for linkers [25,10,11]. Linkers are categorized in to three: inorganic, organic, and organic-inorganic hybrid types. Halides (F, Cl, Br, and I) are the smallest and simplest of all linkers. CN and SCN have similar bridging ability to halides [12,13]. Typical organic ligands are shown in Fig. 2 consisting of neutral, anionic and cationic organic ligands. The organic ligands act as bridging organic groups between the metal ions. Most famous neutral ligands are pyrazine (pyz) and 4,4’-bpy [15-18]. An example of a coordination polymer with the 4,4’-bpy ligand is illustrated in Fig. 3. Recent efforts have been devoted to utilization of long bridging ligands with appropriate spacers [20-25]. Among the anionic organic ligands di-,[26-28] tri-,[26, 29-32] tetra-,[33,34] and hexacarboxylate [35,36] molecules are representative anionic linkers. Coordination polymers having nonsymmetric anionic ligands described as pyridine-X-COO (X=spacer) have been exhaustively studied [37]. 1,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-benzoquinone and its derivatives provide a variety of frameworks, in which they act as linear linkers [38]. Coordination polymers with cationic organic ligands are very rare, which is naturally a result of their very low coordination power for cationic metal ions [39–43]. Developed were novel cationic ligands based on N-aryl pyridinium and viologen derivatives and were successfully employed [39–41]. Counter ions are present in the coordination frameworks when neutral bridging ligands are used as linkers to keep the neutrality in the overall charge. Furthermore, other roles such as coordination and hydrogen bonding linker, guest for vacant spaces in the solid state are expected, eventually resulting in overall structure regulation. Solvent molecules are used not only for reaction media, but also the regulation of framework topology. It may co-crystallize, increasing the number of possible weak interactions in the final solid state packing, and can also act as guest molecules in the vacant space between polymer construct [7]. Synthesis Many new coordination polymers or MOFs have been synthesized in the last few years; however, their methods of preparation and synthesis were quite similar. Most of them are synthesized by employing a so called â€Å"modular synthesis†, in which a mixture of metal precursors and appropriate ligands are combined under mild conditions to provide a crystalline porous network [26]. In most of the resulting materials the solvent used during synthesis is removed by applying vacuum, heat, or exchange with volatile molecules, resulting in large pore volume and large surface area accessible to guest molecules. Synthetic methods such as solvothermal synthesis (conventional approach), microwave synthesis [45], sonication synthesis [46], mechanochemical synthesis [47], and solid start synthesis [48] have been developed. Despite the simplicity of the synthesis, there are several challenges in the preparation of new materials related to the optimization of the reaction conditions that lead t o the desired MOF, in high yield and crystallinity. The following parameters can influence MOFs’ optimization and synthesis: temperature, solvent compositions, reaction times, reagent ratios, reagent concentrations, and pH of the co-solvent solution [44]. Accordingly, any change in any of these parameters can result in large number of network connectivities, many of which are nonporous and have adverse effect on the gas storage and separation applications. Therefore, large numbers of reactions trails are required to discover the new desired MOFs in which the reaction parameters are systematically varied. As a result high throughput technologies have been employed for the synthesis of new MOFs in the recent years [49,50]. 1.2.1 Solvothermal Synthesis Solvothermal methods have been confirmed to be among the most effective and convenient routes under relatively mild conditions, in particular for the crystal growth of coordination polymers [50-52]. Solvothermal reactions are carried out in closed vessels under autogenous pressure above the boiling point of the solvent. In most cases, high-boiling organic solvents have been used for solvothermal reactions. The most commonly used being dimethyl formamide, diethyl formamide, acetonitrile, acetone, ethanol, and methanol etc. Mixtures of solvents have also been used to tune the solution polarity and the kinetics of solvent-ligand exchange, effecting enhanced crystal growth. Solvothermal reactions can be carried out in different temperature ranges, depending on the requirement of the reaction [53]. When water is used as the solvent, the reactions are referred to as hydrothermal. The hydrothermal method has been used successfully for the synthesis of an enormous number of inorganic compoun ds and inorganic organic hybrid materials [54]. Due to their unique advantageous properties such as high thermal stability, air and moisture non-sensitivity, non-volatility, low reactivity, and templating and charge balancing ability of ionic liquids, they can be chosen as solvothermal reaction media. Solvothermal synthesis in ionic liquids is specifically referred to as ionothermal synthesis [55]. The coordination polymer [Cu(I)(bpp)]BF4 [bpp = 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane] [56] was prepared by solvothermal reaction using the ionic liquid [bmim][BF4] (bmim = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium). The synthesis methods employed for different structures of coordination polymers (MOFs) and their key findings are listed in Table 1. 1.2.2 Microwave-assisted synthesis Microwave-assisted synthesis has attracted much attention as it provides a very rapid method for the synthesis of MOFs and has been used extensively to produce nanosize metal oxides [59]. Such processes involve heating a solution with microwaves for a period of about an hour to produce nanosized crystals. The microwave-assisted synthesis has been termed ‘microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis’ for the preparation of MOFs. Microwave-assisted processes generally produce the same qualities of crystals as those obtained by the regular solvothermal processes, but much quicker [60-64]. The first coordination polymer reported to be synthesized by microwave synthesis was Cr-MIL-100 [65]. The compound was synthesized in 4 h at 220 oC with 44% yield, which is comparable with that of conventional hydrothermal synthesis (220 oC and 4 days). The author expanded this method to synthesis of Cr-MIL-101 at 210 oC in less than 60 min, and reported similar physicochemical and textural properties compared with the standard material synthesized using the conventional electrical heating method [66]. Another coordination polymer, MOF-5, was also synthesized by applying microwave irradiation: increase in microwave irradiation time, power level, and concentration of the substrates beyond an optimal condition led to a reduction in synthesis time at the expense of crystal quality [67]. Microwave-assisted heating was found to be the method of choice to rapidly synthesize HKUST-1 crystals in the range of 10-20 ÃŽ ¼m in high yields (~90%) within 1 h [68]. Fe-MIL-53 [69], Fe-MIL-101-NH2 [7 0], IRMOF-3 (H2BDC-NH2) [71], and ZIF-8 (HMeIm) [72] were also synthesized using microwave-assisted synthesis method. 1.2.3 Sonochemical Synthesis Sonochemical methods can also achieve a reduction in crystallization time and significantly smaller particles size than those by the conventional solvothermal synthesis by homogeneous and accelerated nucleation [73,74]. A substrate solution mixture for a given MOF structure is introduced to a horn-type Pyrex reactor fitted to a sonicator bar with an adjustable power output without external cooling. After sonication, formation and collapse of bubbles will be formed in the solution which produces very high local temperatures (~5,000 K) and pressures (~1,000 bar) [74,75], and results in extremely fast heating and cooling rates (>1010 K/s) producing fine crystallites [76]. High-quality MOF-5 crystals in the 5-25ÃŽ ¼m range were obtained within 30min by sonochemical synthesis using NMP (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) as the solvent [77]. Detailed characterization and comparison with a conventionally synthesized sample showed almost identical physical properties. HKUST-1 was also prepared using DMF/EtOH/H2O mixed-solution in an ultrasonic bath [78]. High-quality Mg-MOF-74 crystals (1,640m2/g BET surface area) with particle size of ca. 0.6 ÃŽ ¼m were successfully synthesized in 1 h by a sonochemical method after triethylamine (TEA) was added as a deprotonating agent. Interestingly, mesopores were formed, probably due to the competitive binding of TEA to Mg2+ ions [79]. ZIF-8 was prepared recently by a sonochemical method under the pH-adjusted synthesis conditions using NaOH and TEA [80]. Inexpensive industrial grade DMF was employed as a solvent. A small amount of TEA as a deprotonating agent was necessary to obtain ZIF-8 crystals when the resulting solution was subjected to an ultrasonic treatment for 1 h at a 60% power level. 1.2.4 Electrochemical Synthesis The electrochemical synthesis is based on metal ions continuously supplied through anodic dissolution as a metal source instead of metal salts, which react with the dissolved linker molecules and a conducting salt in the reaction medium. The metal deposition on the cathode is avoided by employing protic solvents, but in the process H2 is generated [81]. The electrochemical route is also possible to run a continuous process to obtain a higher solids content compared to normal batch reactions [76]. The first electrochemical synthesis of MOFs was reported in 2005 by researchers at BASF [82] for HKUST-1. Bulk copper plates are used as the anodes in an electrochemical cell with the H3BTC dissolved in methanol as solvent and a copper cathode. During a period of 150 min at a voltage of 12-19V and a currency of 1.3 A, a greenish blue precipitate was formed. After activation, a dark blue colored powder having surface area of 1,820m2/g was obtained. This work was further used in the ZIFs syntheses [81,83]. Recently, HKUST-1, ZIF-8, Al-MIL-100, Al-MIL-53, and Al- MIL-53-NH2 were synthesized via anodic dissolution in an electrochemical cell [84]. The synthesis parameters such as solvent, electrolyte, voltage-current density, and temperature on the synthesis yield and textural properties of the MOFs obtained, was investigated and the produced MOF structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, gas adsorption, atomic force microscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. 1.2.5 Mechanochemical Synthesis Mechanochemical synthesis involves breakage of intramolecular bonds mechanically followed by a chemical transformation [80]. Synthesis of porous MOF by mechanochemical reaction was reported first in 2006 [89]. Mechanochemical reactions can occur at room temperature under solvent-free conditions, which has an advantage in avoiding organic solvents [90]. Quantitative yields of small MOF particles can be obtained in short reaction times, normally in the range of 10-60min. Mostly, metal oxides were found to be preferred than metal salts as a starting material, which results in water as the only side product [80]. The critical contribution of moisture in mechanochemical synthesis of pillared type MOFs was recently reported by Kitagawa group [91]. Liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) involves addition of small amounts of solvents which can lead to acceleration of mechanochemical reactions due to an increase of mobility of the reactants on the molecular level [92,93]. The liquid can also work as a structure-directing agent. However, mechanochemical synthesis is limited to specific MOF types only and large amount of product is difficult to obtain. While a mechanochemical reaction between H3BTC and copper acetate produces HKUST-1, reaction using copper formate resulted in a previously unknown phase, potentially due to templating effects of the different acid byproducts formed [93]. Recently, a mechanochemical approach was also applied for ZIF synthesis using combinations of ZnO and imidazole (HIm), 2-methylimidazole (HMeIm), and 2-ethylimidazole (HEtIm) as the starting material within 30-60min reaction time [94].

First Date in A Bad Restaurant :: essays papers

First Date in A Bad Resteraunt It was a beautiful fall evening. The sun was just beginning to give way to incoming twilight. I could smell winter in the air, even through my closed window. Soon there'd be snow on the ground. Matchbox Twenty was playing on my clock radio." I want to push you around...† The mood was set for a soft autumn night. However the mood inside my room was quite different. I was running around trying to do a million things a one time. My makeup was all wrong for my outfit. My hair was too big, no, now too flat. My stomach was rolling inside itself. My poor tummy was on tumble dry and I couldn't quite get it to stop. I couldn't find my shoes; my shirt had foundation on the side. What I really wanted to do was to sit on my bed and cry. Brian had called twenty minutes before the chaos. I could not believe he had called me. He probably thought I was stupid because I was so tongue-tied. He asked me if I would mind coming to dinner with him and a few of his friends. Would I mind? Do cows moo? The horn honked. My frustration grew. If this was a real date, my first one ever, shouldn't he come to the door and pick me up? Maybe take my arm in his and lead me to the car? I had envisioned my first date to at least start off right. This must be an omen. I walked out the door. The moment I heard the click of the lock I knew I looked horrible. A million thoughts raced through my mind, among these were the fact that I should have worn the blue shirt, my hair looks horrible, and oh God everyone is watching me. I tried to hide the sheer gut-retching fear that was boiling in my stomach. I had to do this. I was in too deep to turn and run now. My sweet chariot of the night was a 1988 van. Rust covered the bumper and half of the door. The color of had once been maroon, however had now faded to a slight orange color. Alternative rock boomed from the less then quality speakers. There were at least 6 people in the car, and it was rocking from side to side, in time to the beat.

Marketing and Product Development

The question in the case is whether Kim should spend the fresh (2nd round) VC financing in Marketing and scale up the business or should focus the resources on fine tuning the existing product. Our recommendation is that the company should allocate around 70% of $4mn in marketing spend and 30% in product development and fine tuning the existing one.This recommendation is primarily based on the fact that the company should maximize the first mover advantage and develop barriers to entry by reducing the cost of goods sold with the help of economies of scale and ventually reducing the sales price so as to be competitive and not let others to enter the space. This is mainly because the business model is very easily replicable and thus create the risk of being thrown out of business in the long run.Moreover, the product development and fine tuning is largely replicable irrespective of the number of customers and each customer could be segmented based on the 4 bins Kim and Nolan came up wi th. With reference to the spend, the company should focus on Email marketing, Sophisticated social media, developing sophisticated search echanics, promoting the deals websites advertising and also advertising through blogs.However, it is worthwhile a mention that though emails and network affiliates program involves huge spends, they are directly proportional to the amount of business the firm does or the customer acquisition. The company may run the risk of: 1. Exposing the activities and products in addition to the business model by scaling up the marketing spends and bringing unprecedented levels of transparency to customers along with the firms competitors and potential competitors 2. Exponentially increase the customer retention and acquisition costs by developing ultiple layers of acquisition costs 3.May negatively affect the performance and reputation of the firm if the customers have complaints about the product However the firm may mitigate these risks by: 1. Acquiring max imum amount of market share and create growth in the market size. Thus, creating barrier to entry as a result of low selling price and variety of product match. This is mainly because the idea is substantially untapped and the product is simultaneously acceptable. The firm must target to tap as much market as possible before any new or existing player takes it over. Marketing and Product Development The question in the case is whether Kim should spend the fresh (2nd round) VC financing in Marketing and scale up the business or should focus the resources on fine tuning the existing product. Our recommendation is that the company should allocate around 70% of $4mn in marketing spend and 30% in product development and fine tuning the existing one. This recommendation is primarily based on the fact that the company should maximize the first mover advantage and develop barriers to entry by reducing the cost of goods sold with the help of economies of scale and eventually reducing the sales price so as to be competitive and not let others to enter the space.This is mainly because the business model is very easily replicable and thus create the risk of being thrown out of business in the long run. Moreover, the product development and fine tuning is largely replicable irrespective of the number of customers and each customer could be segmented based on the 4 bins Kim and Nolan came up with. With reference to the spend, the company should focus on Email marketing, Sophisticated social media, developing sophisticated search mechanics, promoting the deals websites advertising and also advertising through blogs.However, it is worthwhile a mention that though emails and network affiliates program involves huge spends, they are directly proportional to the amount of business the firm does or the customer acquisition. The company may run the risk of:1.Exposing the activities and products in addition to the business model by scaling up the marketing spends and bringing unprecedented levels of transparency to customers along with the firms competitors and potential competitors2.Exponentially increase the customer retention and acquisition costs by developing multiple layers of acquisition costs3.May negatively affect the performance and reputation of the firm if the customers have complaints about the product However the firm may mitigate these risks by:1.Acquiring maximu m amount of market share and create growth in the market size. Thus, creating barrier to entry as a result of low selling price and variety of product match. This is mainly because the idea is substantially untapped and the product is simultaneously acceptable. The firm must target to tap as much market as possible before any new or existing player takes it over.2.The increasing customer retention and acquisition costs could also  be countered by lowing the COGS as a result of economies of scale and effecting the retention by further lowering the selling price without affecting the margins much.3.Negative reputation due to customer complaints could be countered with the help of product development and fine tuning the existing products and ideas based on customer needs and value system. This could be done by implementing the CRM with the help of 30% of the additional funds raised in the 2nd round.

Kafkas Humor Essay - 1388 Words

Kafkas Humor In Franz Kafkas short fiction, The Metamorphosis, the author was able to skillfully express deep emotions while keeping his readers interested throughout the story. Some may say that the story is sad and horrifying, yet Kafka creatively intertwined humor, which is many times quite ironic, into this seemingly sad story. This gives the reader the opportunity to view the situation from a different angle rather than just to focus on the horrific circumstances that Gregor Samsa, Kafkas protagonist, must go through in The Metamorphosis. Margaret Church, a critic in contemporary studies explains, with Kafka we are in the mind of Gregor and are forced to accept this world of Gregor and to recognize it as our own (189).†¦show more content†¦His many legs, which seemed pathetically thin when compared to the rest of his body, flickered helplessly before his eyes (Kennedy 337). This captures the readers interest immediately. We can all agree that this will probably never happen to us. The fact that Kafka even thought of an event like this is already comical. If we were in Gregors situation, we may feel extremely disturbed or even suicidal. However, Gregor instead thought of how to get out of bed and go to work. Gregor also thought of how to explain his situation to his family and the manager from the office. A conventional person would not even think of explaining the fact that one has been transformed... into a monstrous insect, but would rather be overwhelmed by the fact that his or her life is ruined. Here Kafka made such a disastrous situation into what seems to be a temporary annoyance one may face in daily life. What Gregor awakens to on the morning of his metamorphosis is the truth of his life. His ordinary consciousness has lied to him about himself... (Greenburg 70). Whether symbolic or not, from the very beginning, Kafka creates this terrifying bu t funny plot, something that is very unlikely to happen physically, but gives us an insight to what Kafka himself many have been facing every day. The story moves on explaining the horrified family members trying to deal with Gregor as an insect and rejecting him for beingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Franz Kafkas Use of Humor1619 Words   |  7 PagesFranz Kafkas Use of Humor Franz Kafka, born on July 3, 1883 in Bohemia, in the city of Prague, has been recognized as one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century. His works have been called cloudy, mysterious, inexplicable (Oates ix). Most people hear the term Kafkan or Kafkaesque and think of dark, fantastic tales with almost no basis in our known reality. But what of Kafkas sense of humor? I personally laughed out loud several times while reading Kafkas Amerika. Were these snippetsRead MoreThe Kafka s The Metamorphosis1062 Words   |  5 Pagesinsect. The Metamorphosis is laced with dark humor, but Wallace, in his analysis of Kafka’s works, Laughing with Kafka, says that â€Å"it is next to impossible to get them [students] to see that Kafka is funny† (23). Kafka’s piece usually fascinates readers, but it is difficult to see why at first, because it takes some thinking to realize the power of Kafka’s dark humor. The Metamorphosis engages the reader because it is funny t hrough the use of dark humor. Kafka carefully picks and chooses what detailsRead MoreEssay on Franz Kafkas The Trial1514 Words   |  7 PagesFranz Kafka’s famously translated novel The Trial was thought by many to be strongly influenced by his strong background and affiliations with theater and literature. Within the novel, Kafka refers to various types of the art form including, physical art, performing arts and acting, and the art of how a person moves and/or interacts with others. Critics have argued that Kafka’s background was the influence to the novel, while others strongly disagree. Was Kafka’s references to the performing artsRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Frank Kafka849 Words   |  4 Pagescaused many individuals to experience isolation and loneliness. Many writers during the 20th century conveyed that spirit of isolation and despair within the arts of literature. Kafka’s The Metamorphosis expressed the true nightmarish and unpleasant aspects of modern life. A predominant theme that appears throughout Kafka’s Metamorphosis is the feeling of isolation within the family. Gregor’s metamorphosis caused a psychological distance between him and his family. After Gregor’s transformation, heRead MoreFranz Kafkas Life and Work2192 Words   |  9 PagesFranz Kafkas Life and Work No person that leads a normal life is likely to write a metaphorical yet literal story about a man transforming into a bug. That being said, no person that leads a normal life is likely to alter a genre as much as Franz Kafka did. With the unusual combination of declining physical health and a resurgence of spiritual ideas, Franz Kafka, actively yearning for life, allowed his mind to travel to the places that his body could not take him. In his recurring themes of guiltRead MoreEssay on Kafka and his Portrayal of Characters2820 Words   |  12 Pages Kafka’s Portrayal of Characters Franz Kafka, born on July 3, 1883 in Bohemia, in the city of Prague, has been recognized as one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century. Virtually unknown during his lifetime, the works of Kafka have since been recognized as symbolizing modern mans distress and distorted alienation in an unintelligible, hostile, or indifferent world. None of Kafka’s novels were printed during his lifetime, and it was only with reluctance that he published a fraction of hisRead MoreComedy and Tragedy in Kafkas The Metamorphosis2608 Words   |  11 Pagesc The subtle yet powerful combination of comedy and tragedy in Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis was not an accident. Kafka combined these genres in order to convey the mixture of emotions that accurately mirrors the cruelty of life. The main character, Gregor Samsa, is used to illustrate the betrayal that can exist in a family unit as well as a place of employment. Together, Kafka is making a strong commentary on life in order to express his own feelings of desolation and cynicism regarding societyRead MoreIs The Metamorposis : Drhosis Magical Realism?1009 Words   |  5 Pagesmagical realism when compared to â€Å"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World,† by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, and â€Å"What is Magical Realism, Really?† by Bruce Holland Rogers, using aspects of magical realism including realistic elements, magical elements, dark humor, and distortion of time. One aspect of Magical Realism Franz Kafka uses is realistic elements. The start of Gregor’s morning is similar to a normal morning where â€Å"his immediate reaction was to get up quietly without being disturbed, to put on his clothesRead MoreRole of Humour in Franz Kafka ´s The Metamorphosis, The Trail, and Ameria2643 Words   |  11 PagesEssay Role of Humour in Franz Kafka’s ‘The Metamorphosis’, ‘ The Trial’ and ‘Amerika’ â€Å"Humour is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement.† The term Humour has been derived from the Greek language, which teaches that humour is the balance of fluids in the human body. Humour is savoured by different taste-buds like: Anecdotal, Blue, Dark/Gallows/Morbid, Epigrammatic, Hyperbolic, Ironic, Satirical, Satirical, Situational and Slapstick. Franz KafkaRead MoreAbsurdity Between Kafka and Camus4307 Words   |  18 PagesThis paper seeks to compare and contrast the philosophical views of two great philosophers, namely Albert Camus and Franz Kafka. The works involved in this argument are Kafkas The Metamorphosis and Camus The Outsider. The chief concern of both writers is to find a kind of solution to the predicament of modern man and his conflict with machines and scientific theories. Death, freedom, truth and identity are themes to be studies here in the sense of absurdity.    Kafka was born in Prague in 1883.

Essay about Homosexuality and Misogyny in Frankenstein

Homosexuality and Misogyny in Frankenstein In Mary Shelleys novel, Victor Frankenstein suffers an extreme psychological crisis following his violation of what is considered a fundamental biological principle. His creation of life undermines the role of women in his life and the role of sexuality, and allows existing misogynist and homosexual tendencies to surface. Victor represses what he has uncovered about himself, and it merges into a cohesive whole in his psyche that becomes projected on the instrument of revelation, the monster. Victors creation allows him to split his sexuality into independent components. There are three fundamental purposes to sexuality presented in Mary Shelleys narrative: the†¦show more content†¦When Victors mother dies, she says to Elizabeth, in Victors presence, Elizabeth, my love, you must supply my place to your younger cousins. (828) Victor will now marry his mother, rather than his sister. She begins with a gender-neutral title as his cousin, and then takes a gender specific, non-sexual role as his sister. She then replaces his mother, implying an indirect sexual relationship with Victor, since he is product of his mothers sexuality. Finally, she enters a sexual relationship with Victor as his future wife. Her murder then interrupts the progression by preventing the consummation of that relationship. In the 1831 version this progression of intimacy is strengthened. Elizabeth, while a small child, is presented to Victor by his mother as a gift. He takes responsibility for her, and takes pride in her achievements, like a father to a daughter. The father/daughter relationship is tied to sexual reproduction in the same way as the mother/son relationship. The progression from daughter to mother implies Victors exit from her vagina as an infant, and then the next change from mother to wife implies a desire to re-enter her body as part of a sexual relationship. Mary Shelley presents Victor engaging with Elizabeth in all social female roles: wife, mother, and sister. He is also presented as engaging with her body in all possible variations, creating her body through

Palestine Dispute Essay - 1560 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the control of Palestine shifted from Muslim to Western powers. Britain promised Jews and Zionists the land in Palestine in the form of the Balfour Declaration. However, at the same time, there were already Palestinians living in that land. Even today, there is no correct answer as to who should have rightfully acquired the land; however, the Palestinian Arabs should have cooperated when the Jews immigrated to the Palestine. There are plenty of facts which support both sides. The solution can only be determined through one’s opinion. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;According to Biblical sources, Arabs and Israelites first met in Palestine about 1500 to 500†¦show more content†¦The Jews always had a lot of faith which kept them active for centuries. Theodore Herzl, a renowned journalist and writer, was the father of the Zionist movement. The anti-Semitism that extended throughout France and Austria influenced Herzl to do something. He realized that the only way to stop the anti-Semitism was to establish a Jewish state. World War I transformed the Zionists’ viewpoints. When Turkey joined Germany and Austria against Britain, France and Russia, its defeat brought about the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and an end to the Turkish control of Palestine. However, before this, Zionists put pressure on the British who, at the time, were bearing the burden of the fighting in the Middle East and who expressed sympathy for the idea of a Jewish homeland. In 1917, thanks to the efforts of Chaim Weizmann, a passionate Zionist, the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Balfour, issued a proclamation that was to going to make Theodore Herzl’s dream of a Jewish homeland come true. The Zionists’ goal seemed within reach for Great Britain issued the famous Balfour Declaration. This document, issued on November 2, 1917, was a statement to the effect that Britain would support the creation in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. It was probably the most wonderful thing that happened to the Jews in eighteen hundred years. (Barker 9) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The document read: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"His MajestysShow MoreRelatedThe Conflict Between Jewish And Arab State1549 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough Palestine declared independence as an Arab state, it still face obstacles in achieving its sovereignty. Former Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat planned to officially announce the statehood of Palestine in 1996 (Quigley). This action received a strong response from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Netanyahu said recognition of Palestinian statehood would nullify the Israeli-Palestinian agreement. From this notion, Netanyahu threatened to invade Palestinian territories like the WestRead MoreZionism and the Impact of World War One on the Middle East1534 Words   |  6 PagesOrganized political Zionism grew from tsarist Russia, where pogroms carried out against the Russian and Polish Jews in the 1880’s killed thousands. Originating in Russia in 1884, an agency named the Lovers of Zion assisted the emigration of Jews to Palestine, wher e they organized small farms. During this time Leon Pinsker wrote â€Å"Auto-Emancipation†, a Zionist pamphlet in which he posits an answer to the â€Å"Jewish Question†. He argues that Jews are despised all over the world, and are viewed as aliens thatRead MoreEssay Speech Com767 Words   |  4 Pages Attention getter: Have you watched the news lately? Even if you haven’t, you still probably have heard something about the disputes in and around Jerusalem. These disputes have been going on for centuries. Many different groups of people have fought to control Jerusalem over the years but we are going to focus on the current majority parties from today. From the information I found on CNN.com and the Jerusalem Post, I concluded that the Israelis and the Palestinians are currently fighting over whoRead MoreThe Israeli and Palestinian Conflict682 Words   |  3 Pagesconflict has been an unwavering conflict that has plagued the world for longer than any can remem ber. I, myself am hopelessly torn on whether I am Pro-Palestine, or Pro-Israel. I find it difficult to make an informed and unbiased decision on the conflict with the two conflicting stories being relayed by the pro-Israel documentary as well as by the Pro-Palestine documentary. I feel as though it would be impossible for me to make a decision on the issue unless I was able to see for myself. I see both sidesRead MoreCBA: Israel-Palestine Conflict 688 Words   |  3 Pagesreasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict were geocultural factors. These factors contributed greatly to the contentious argument between both groups because with the geocultural perspective, the religious tensions between Muslims and Jews have resulted in the problematic issue over the holy structures in Jerusalem. The second most contributing factors in the Israel-Palestine conflict were psychological factors. These were the second greatest factors that started the dispute because with the psychologicalRead M oreThe Middle East Essay1860 Words   |  8 PagesJewish civilizations have made deep historical roots in Palestine along with many emotional attachments. At the end of the 19th century Arab nationalism and political Zionism were starting to steak claims to the same land. 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Drugs impacts on Music free essay sample

Tate Wade Music Appreciation Saint Paula School May 6th, 2013 Jazz Is considered by numerous the best contribution the united States has made to the art of music_ In the sass. Jazz evolved from a New Orleans styled music, now called Dixieland, to a more successful music labeled Swing. Instead of mimicking traditional music, jazz is an improvisational music style. As a result, jazz became the most dominant form of dance music in the United States during the sass and sass made it an easy target for hate. Jazz created its own rules which were viewed from a critics viewpoint as corrupting musical values.In addition, black musicians were not allowed In many buildings, so they were forced to play In brothels and speakeasies. Society In the sass saw Jazz as young people drinking, doing drugs, and dancing to the Devils music, an unholy trinity that had to be stopped. (Radio Stars Magazine). This caused society to view jazz to be associated with a wild and morally wrong lifestyle. For example, Jazz was associated with interracial sex and with illegal drugs, in the early days, marijuana, and later on, with heroin and opium.Jazz was a cultural revolution, it influenced the way people dressed, their language, and political beliefs. Jazz was also a model for both rock and roll and hip hop because it was hated by the bourgeoisie. Harry Anglings, former Assistant Prohibition Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, was simplemindedly responsible for the outlaw of hemp and marijuana. He used tactics such as fear, ignorance, and race to his advantage. Many Americans, including Congress, hadnt even heard of marijuana.Anglings, using this to his advantage, said Reefer makes blacks think theyre better than white men. In addition, Anglings incited fear by saying, marijuana causes white women to have sex with Negroes, entertainers, and many others. Although, some disputed his evidence the damage was done; the law passed without even tallying the vote. Throughout the 1 9505, heroin was the hot new drug. Heroin had a profound effect on three major Jazz musicians, Billie Holiday, Charlie Parker, and Miles Davis. Each of these had a long history of heroin addiction.Billie Holiday had a very bad addiction to heroin, she was a frequent user Of heroin for over a decade which not only caused her to die prematurely, but she lost her cabaret card which allowed you to perform in New York nightclubs and her ice as a singer deteriorated. In Charlie Parsers case he also lost his cabaret card and often showed up late to performances or was to messed up to play. Miles Davis addiction was only a blip in his amazing career. It only lasted about 4-5 years and had no negative impact on his musical ability.Drugs and music have always had a strong connection, with genre shifts occurring with the rise of a new drug. In the early sass, marijuana use was starting to escalate; the primary consumers were mostly African Americans and Latino. In addition, Jazz was spreading throughout the entire United States during this time. Jazz musicians were mostly African Americans, who used their music and marijuana to free themselves from their problems. However, the life of a jazz musician has been surrounded by substance abuse. Many jazz musicians were dealing with racial and financial difficulties throughout their careers.Consequently, alcohol became a common addiction among jazz musicians, and later, cannabis and heroin became the common drugs in the jazz community. Many of jazzs greatest players died at a premature age from the deadly complications of cirrhosis and hypothetically carcinoma, such as John Chlorate. Some musicians turned to marijuana and heroin in an attempt to stimulate creativity and others used it to gain camaraderie amongst their friends. The end result of years of alcohol and drug abuse was a great occurrence of cirrhosis between jazz musicians.The solution to these problems include better healthcare of musicians, but should also include a system to allow talented, yet deprived musicians to escape the ravages of poverty. Music is consistently being influenced by the trends of the times; representing politics, economics, and clamoring lifestyles. During the sass, music had a huge impact on everyones life. Music was used at demonstrations, organizations, speeches, and protest. Music and the people, who created it, had one of the most influential variables, drugs.In the early sass, a new wave started to flow which changed the way many people looked at music. This became known as the Psychedelic Era. It introduced drugs to be the vital ingredient involved in the creation of music, and was also used to enhance the listeners experience. Many bands experimented with drugs such as LSI and marijuana. Musicians use of hallucinogens and other drugs induced changes in both the sound and lyrical content of their music, adding to the creation of the psychedelic rock of the 1 9605, which subsequently influenced the shape of all rock music to come.There were a number of influences that combined to produce this music including increased government control, peoples livelihood worsened, fear of the Cold War, and racial tensions. The principles of the previous decade left little room for creativity. The youth of the sixties used drugs as a form of rebellion and a Way for them to assert their defiance of the norm. Music and drugs Were the response from the rebellious Baby Boomer age. Music was the driving force Enid the sixties peace and love culture that emerged.The growth of the sixties music scene was connected to the increased use of marijuana and hallucinogens by the youth culture. Many of the iconic musicians had dabbled in drugs, or fully immersed themselves into it, and through this achieved an escape from reality, and freedom which was not possible during the sass. The influences of marijuana and LSI on music and culture through the mid and late-ass are both profound and obvious. The drugs perception-bending psychological effects were an obvious influence on psychedelic music.Also, he feelings of brotherhood and community that marijuana and LSI created in users meshed well with the youth politics and ethics of the day. As the communal drugs like marijuana and LSI yielded to detaching, narcissistic drugs such as cocaine, the change in music was also reflected. Politically conscious folk rock and perception altering rock were replaced by stadium rock and glam rock; genres characterized by excess and hedonism. Bands like The Eagles, Led Zeppelin, Flooded Mac, and David Bowie lived the rock star fantasy of teenage dreams, fueled by the belief in ones own great ness that only cocaine can induce. Disco, with its accelerated beats-per-minute, mindless lyrics, obnoxious clothes, and club culture was essentially cocaine embodied. The rise of punk in London and New York in the late sass saw the return of amphetamines. Punk music was typified by short, simple songs, but sped up and with a more nihilistic bent. Cheap, accessible, and often homemade drugs like amphetamine sulfate (also known as speed) and amyl nitrates (also known as poppers) were commonplace in punk clubs.They provided the energy rush needed both to play and dance to the fast, aggressive music. Technological developments in sass, plus a greater affordability and accessibility of synthesizers and electronics, spurred the rise of various electronic music scenes. New wave, acid house, and techno all became significant genres and scenes around North American and Europe. With this, ecstasy and its purer cousin MADAM tore through Englands working class cities and neighborhoods in the late-ass sparking another short-lived but generation-defining music scene in Manchester.A unique combination of guitar rock and acid house sounds typified by band like Happy Mondays, The Stone Roses, and Inspires Carpets was at the center of the Matches event. To get an insight into the link between communal, euphoric effects of ecstasy and Matches music, watch the film 24 Hour Party People named after a term coined by Happy Mondays singer Shawn Ryder. New Order even snuck a sly ecstasy reference, E is for England, into their 1990 FIFE World Cup song.As usual, the high was followed by a comedown of busts, overdoses, failed tours, and lousy albums. To this point, musicians and fans could claim ignorance. The jazz crowds werent educated on the effects of heroin the same way that moods didnt know the effects of speed and Matches bands didnt know the effects of ecstasy. But starting in the ass, drug awareness campaigns illustrated by Nancy Reggaes Just Say No slogan became common. Such campaigns usually register better with young kids, who internalize the message take it into adulthood.Teens and 20- something are generally less receptive to rich, old politician-wives telling them how to live. T hats possibly why the link between music and drugs stayed strong into the ass, most obviously with grunge (heroin, again) and Britton (cocaine, again). Heroin matched the self-loathing and pessimism of range while cocaine matched the grandiose, world conquering ethic of Britton. Though drug-addled bands like Nirvana and Oasis became popular in the age of Just Say No, they grew up in the willfully ignorant late-ass and early-ass.But what happened in the sass when the new generation Of bands who couldnt claim chemical ignorance took over? We saw, for the first time in 50-plus years, a weakening link between drugs and music. Yes, bands took drugs. There are even bands inextricably linked to drugs (Pete Doherty/ The Libertines and MGM to varying degrees) but there appeared to be no ajar music scenes driven by particular drugs. In a 2008 column in The Guardian newspaper, writer Kevin Sampson wondered if the link between music and drugs had been broken.Dazed and Confused magazine editor Rod Stately was quoted saying, No one has really invented or discovered a new drug for a while. Every time one has been found over the decades, young people swiftly work out the best music experience to go with it. He added. If a new drug were discovered today, a new music scene would spring up overnight. While the link is less obvious than it once was, Sampson didnt ask deep enough. In some areas, music and drugs have maintained a link, but the effects of neither have become widespread.